Why life began to produce oxygen and doubts about the Late Heavy Bombardment

Welcome! "Alien Life" tracks the latest discoveries and thoughts in the various elements of the famous Drake Equation. Here's today's news:
g Stars - A new Hubble Space Telescope image centers on the 100-million-solar-mass black hole at the hub of the neighboring spiral galaxy M31, or the Andromeda galaxy, the only galaxy outside the Milky Way visible to the naked eye and the only other giant galaxy in the local group. See article.
g Abodes - Data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter may cast doubt on theories that the early Earth was pummeled by impacts during a period known as the Late Heavy Bombardment. The study has important implications in understanding life's origins on our planet and the habitability of Earth. See article.
g Life - By analyzing protein folds from organisms representing every domain of life, a team of scientists has assembled a timeline of “protein history” that could explain why life began to produce oxygen on Earth. See article.
g Intelligence - A new study co-authored by a University of Florida researcher examines the first extinct North American primate with a toe bone showing features associated with the presence of both nails and a grooming claw, indicating our primate ancestors may have traded their flat nails for raised claws for functional purposes. See article.
g Cosmicus - The Phobos-Grunt spacecraft, which was meant to travel to a moon of Mars and back, has crashed back to Earth. See article.

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